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In
Dinétah |
1500
Ancestral Navajo settle the Dinétah |
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| Dinétah Grey Jars, Gobernador |
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1541
Tree cut in this year is used to build one of the earliest
forked-stick hogans found so far in the Gobernador (LA 55979);
thousands of Dinétah Phase (1500-1650/1680) camps and home
sites have now been recorded. |
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| Collapsed
forked-stick hogan, Old Fort Pueblito.
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1626
"Apaches de Nabaxu" mentioned in report by Father Zarate
Salmeron, Franciscan friar at Jemez. This is the first time Navajo are
identified by name.
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| Kotyiti Glaze Jar, Three Corn
Pueblito |
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1630-1680
Navajos begin to build herds of sheep and horses. |
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| Yucca cordage rope, San Juan drainage |
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1680
The Buffalo Mask site, LA 99809, is built high into a cliff alcove.
This first "pueblito" is a defensive stronghold.
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| Corn
petroglyph, Crow Canyon |
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1694
Tapacito Pueblito built during the fall. The timing and
architecture connects this site to Jemez Pueblo, hit hard by Spanish
troops seeking out rebels among the Pueblo communities. |
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| Jemez Black-on-white soup plate, Giusewa (San Jose Mission) |
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1705-1716
Navajos lose battle with Spanish near Abiquiu; Roque Madrid leads first
of nearly yearly military expeditions to Dinétah.
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| Estribo de
cruz, cross-shaped stirrup |
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1725-1740
Most of the pueblitos are built during these fifteen years.
Over 130 pueblitos have been found to date in the Gobernador. |
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| Spanish Colonial axehead and adze, Frances Canyon Pueblito and Rio
Grande. Axehead |
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1749
Navajos ask Spanish for protection against Ute raiders.
|
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| Wheel lock spanner, Frances Canyon
Pueblito |
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1754
Last tree was cut for pueblito roofs; Navajo families move
away from Dinétah. |
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| Child's moccasins, Gobernador |
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1765
Spanish mount first documented expedition to Ute country, following
trade routes up the Chama from Abiquiu and over to the San Juan River. The
San Juan marked the boundary between Ute and Navajo territory.
|
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| 1760 map of Nueba Mexico, Don Bernardo Miera y Pacheco |
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New
Spain
and the Frontier |
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1520
Montezuma II killed by Hernán Cortés in Tenochtitlan,
capital of the Mexican empire united by his great-grandfather,
Montezuma I. |
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| The Aztec capital,
Tenochtitlan, 1524 |
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| Woodcut of buffalo made
after Coronado's expedition to Quivira, 1554 |
1541
Coronado encounters Querechos (Apaches) on the western plains
of Quivira (now Kansas); during the previous winter,
Coronado's camp of 300 men, 600 pack animals, and 1000 horses
commandeered food and blankets from the Tiwa Pueblos near
present-day Bernalillo, New Mexico. |
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| Quarto
Reales silver coin minted in Mexico, 1611 |
1570
Spanish send yearly
Manila galleon from Philippines to Acapulco and New World
trade ports with perfume, porcelain, silk, cotton cloth, and
precious stones. It returns to Spain loaded with Mexican
silver coins and bars; these become the first international
currency.
|
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| Puebla
majolica soup plate, Abo Mission |
1598
Juan de Oñate leads
400 soldiers, colonists, friars, and Mexican Indians to Nuevo
Mexico; by December, pueblos are in revolt against the Spanish
at Acoma and in the Tiwa and Tompiro villages to the south. As
punishment for killing 15 of Oñate's men in an attack on
Acoma, 500 Acoma are enslaved and all Acoma men have right
foot cut off. |
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1659
Spanish expedition
enters Navajo country to seize men, women, and children as
slaves. |
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| Potmetal
crosses, Three Corn Pueblito |
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| Metal
arrowheads |
1680
Pueblo communities
revolt, drive Spanish to El Paso. The Pueblo alliance sent
7,000 warriors against the total Spanish population of 3,000.
After 100 years of Spanish occupation, some Pueblos had only
one-tenth of their original population. |
1692-1700
De Vargas makes
journeys of reconquest to New Mexico in 1692 and 1693; Pueblos
and tribes continue to resist the Spanish efforts to
re-establish settlements in their territory. Many Pueblo
Indians flee to the mountains and are then forced to return to
the Spanish-controlled villages. Refugees from the Galisteo
Basin pueblos, Pecos, Santa Clara, Jemez, San Felipe, and
Cochiti flee to the Navajo country. |
| |
1704-1713
Navajos raid Spanish
towns and Pueblos along Rio Grande and Rio Puerco |
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| Spanish-made
bridle bit used by Navajos |
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1720-1750
Spanish establish peace
with Navajos. |
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| Navajo
warriors, around 1840. Wheeler Survey, 1853-1854 |
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1777-1804
Navajos form and
dissolve alliances with Gila Apaches, Utes, Comanches, others
as they continue to raid Spanish and Pueblo settlements |
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| Comanche
men and mounts, around 1840. Wheeler Survey, 1853-1854 |
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1805
Lieutenant Narbona and
Spanish military defeat Navajo in Canyon de Chelly; peace
settlement holds through remainder of Spanish rule of Nuevo
Mexico |
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| Navajo
pictographs of Spanish soldiers, priests at Canyon de Chelly,
courtesy of Canyon de Chelly National Monument |
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Across
the Seas
and Continents |
1492
Christopher Columbus
sails for New World |
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| The Santa Maria, Columbus'
flagship. Model in the Science Museum, London. |
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1519
Ferdinand Magellan
attempts to circumnavigate the globe, but dies in the
Philippines. Only one of his five ships and 18 of the original
200-member crew will return to Portugal. |
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| Portrait of Ferdinand
Magellan, ABC London. |
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1580
Sir Francis Drake sails
around the world. The fleet of pirate ships he captains will
take gold, silver, jewels, porcelain, silks, spices, and other
valuables from Spanish and Portuguese vessels to build
Elizabethan England.
|
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| The
Globe Theater, Shakespeare's playhouse during the reign of
Queen Elizabeth. |
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| Jamestown
in 1622, illustrated in early Dutch account of the colony. |
1607
English establish Jamestown. In 1622, the Virginia Colony attacked by Algonquin
confederated tribes, including the Chickahominy upstream on
the James River. 347 of 1240 settlers killed. |
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| 16th-century
Chinese junk. "Treasure ships" from China began to
explore worlds to the west in the 1400s. |
1644
Manchu rulers establish
Ch'ing dynasty in China. Porcelain plate made in Ching-te-chen
makes its way to the Gobernador by way of Chinese junk to
Manila, Philippines, Manila galleon to Acapulco, Mexico, then
up the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro to northern New Mexico,
then out to Dinétah through Native American trade networks. |
1650
African slave trade
begun by England in 1580 will take 28 million Central and West
Africans into slavery by 1900. |
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| Slave
traders leading slaves to the coast. |
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1725
Russian Vitus Bering
begins his search for a land connection between Siberia and
the New World. He dies looking. The Bering Land Bridge was
last open about 20,000 years ago. |
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| The
Bering Sea separates Asia and North America today |
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1758
George Washington
begins work on home now known as Mount Vernon. |
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| Portrait
of Washington's Mount Vernon by anonymous artist, National
Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. |
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1776
Declaration of
Independence signed.
|
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| Thomas
Jefferson’s first draft of the Declaration of Independence,
1776. |
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